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The site first appears to have been settled during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period, approximately 8800 to 7000 BC.

Renan's expedition was to "provide the evidence that the city did not move and that Gebeil is Byblos".

It was first excavated by Ernest Renan in 1860, as published in his Mission de Phénicie (1865–1874), then by Pierre Montet from 1921 until 1924, followed by Maurice Dunand from 1925 over a period of forty years. Located about 42 km (26 mi) north of Beirut, Byblos is attractive to archaeologists because of the successive layers of debris resulting from centuries of human habitation.

The English word " Bible", therefore, ultimately derives from the Greek name of the city. The Phoenician city, known to the Greeks as Býblos ( Βύβλος) and to the Romans as Byblus, was important for their import of papyrus from Egypt – to the extent that " byblos" came to mean "papyrus" in Greek. This name was used for Byblos Castle and its associated lordship. During the Crusades, this name appeared in European records as Gibelet or Giblet. All of these, along with Byblos, are etymologically related. When the Arabic form of the name is used, it is typically rendered Jbeil, Jbail, or Jbayl in English. Its present Arabic name Jubayl ( جبيل) or J( e) beil is a direct descendant of these earlier names, although apparently modified by a misunderstanding of the name as the triliteral root GBL or JBL, meaning " mountain". The name thus seems to have meant the "Well of the God" or "Source of the God". The name seems to derive from GB ( 𐤂𐤁, " well") and ʾL ( 𐤀𐤋, " god"), the latter a word that could variously refer to any of the Canaanite gods or to their leader in particular. In the 1st millennium BC, its name appeared in Phoenician and Punic inscriptions as Gebal ( 𐤂𐤁𐤋, GBL) in the Hebrew Bible as Geval ( גבל) and in Syriac as GBL ( ܓܒܠ). 2600 BC) and as Gubla ( 𒁺𒆷) in the Akkadian cuneiform Amarna letters to the 18th-dynasty pharaohs Amenhotep III and IV. Byblos appears as Kebny in Egyptian hieroglyphic records going back to the 4th-dynasty pharaoh Sneferu ( fl.